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The grimmest part of the World War II was the Holocaust. Following
the war, a number of histories, memoirs, and specialized studies
about the Holocaust were published. One element that was largely
missing, however, was the records of the various Western
intelligence agencies, such as the American Office of Strategic
Services (OSS) and Britain's M.I.6. Also absent was the
intelligence gathers by wartime Allies communications intelligence
(COMINT) agencies. Beginning in the mid-1970's, scholars of the
Holocaust who had wanted to utilize the archived material of the
wartime code-breaking agencies focused their research on records at
the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and the
United Kingdom's Public Record Office. It was not until a number of
further significant releases of information and wartime records
that the amount of information made available to researchers of the
Holocaust dramatically increased. This guide focuses on the two
major COMINT agencies that produced intelligence about the war the
British GC&CS and the U.S. Army's SIS.
For historians and many members of the informed public, the
Japanese attack on Hawaii provoked "the never-ending story."
Multiple official investigations and private historical inquiries
into the attack and its background have generated enormous stocks
of information about both the American and Japanese sides. It may
well be that we know as much about December 7, 1941, as we do about
any event in the last century, the Kennedy assassination possibly
excepted. However, even with this virtual mountain chain of data,
information gaps still exist, and many important questions remain
under discussion or debate. The discussions and debates are not
simply the province of conspiracy buffs. Academics and other
researchers interested in World War II have a serious stake in
settling the issues of the U.S.-Japan conflict; definite answers to
many of the controversies would either confirm or refute theories
of the war's origins and its meaning. This assemblage of documents,
supplemented by the author's clear guide to their meaning, places
the reader, as it were, right in the middle of the
behind-the-scenes events and helps the scholar and researcher to
follow them closely.
This recent government publication investigates an area often
overlooked by historians: the impact of the Holocaust on the
Western powers' intelligence-gathering community. A guide for
researchers rather than a narrative study, it explains the archival
organization of wartime records accumulated by the U.S. Army's
Signal Intelligence Service and Britain's Government Code and
Cypher School. In addition, it summarizes Holocaust-related
information intercepted during the war years and deals at length
with the fascinating question of how information about the
Holocaust first reached the West.
The guide begins with brief summaries of the history of
anti-Semitism in the West and early Nazi policies in Germany. An
overview of the Allies' system of gathering communications
intelligence follows, along with a list of American and British
sources of cryptologic records. A concise review of communications
intelligence notes items of particular relevance to the Holocaust's
historical narrative, and the book concludes with observations on
cryptology and the Holocaust. Numerous photographs illuminate the
text.
Did the American Government and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
have advance information about Japan s attack on Pearl Harbor and
was this fact later suppressed, either to conceal incompetence or
because the President wanted an act of aggression to force America
into war with the Axis Powers? For decades, professional and
amateur historians alike have scrutinized the voluminous and
sometimes contradictory trail of evidence surrounding this historic
and tragic event to find an answer.One of the most written-about
pieces of this historical puzzle is the so-called West Wind Execute
message, Japan s code phrase to advise its diplomats abroad that an
attack on America was imminent. In West Wind Clear: Cryptology and
the Winds Message Controversy a Documentary History, the U.S.
National Security Agency s Center for Cryptologic History has
tackled the complex history of this message, when it was sent, and
why its existence or non-existence has exercised the imaginations
of academics, amateur historians, and conspiracy buffs since the
1940s. Crucially, this book includes many key documents, some never
before published, dealing with the voluminous Japanese signals
traffic leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack and the timing of
signals interception and decoding.The authors state that the main
source of continuing debate over the who knew and when question
resulted from a number of contradictory statements by a
well-respected American cryptographer, Captain Laurence Safford,
USN, whose reliability as a witness was undermined during the
hearings of the 1946 Joint Congressional Committee investigation of
the Pearl Harbor debacle. Despite these findings, the West Wind
controversy has persisted in popular accounts that lent credibility
to the stories of Safford and Ralph Briggs, a radio operator who
many years after the fact claimed to recollect a West Wind Execute
message before the attack. West Wind Clear makes a strong and
well-documented case against a suppressed warning of war, although
perhaps no account of the run-up to the Pearl Harbor debacle may
ever lay to rest the many conspiracy theories bruited about since
1941. For anyone interested in the continuing debate, this book is
an indispensable research and reference work.
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